Common Arrangement Of Work Sections For Building Works Pdf

Jpg' alt='Common Arrangement Of Work Sections For Building Works Pdf' title='Common Arrangement Of Work Sections For Building Works Pdf' />Brickwork Wikipedia. Twelfth century temple brickwork, Ayutthaya, Thailand. Polychromatic and indented brickwork in a Mid Victorian terrace in West London. Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer, using bricks and mortar. Typically, rows of brickscalled courses12 are laid on top of one another to build up a structure such as a brick wall. We provide excellent essay writing service 247. Cell Phone Cash Installment Philippines. Enjoy proficient essay writing and custom writing services provided by professional academic writers. Common Arrangement Of Work Sections For Building Works Pdf' title='Common Arrangement Of Work Sections For Building Works Pdf' />Brick is a popular medium for constructing buildings, and examples of brickwork are found through history as far back as the Bronze Age. The fired brick faces of the ziggurat of ancient Dur Kurigalzu in Iraq date from around 1. BC, and the brick buildings of ancient Mohenjo daro in Pakistan were built around 2. BC. Much older examples of brickwork made with dried but not fired bricks may be found in such ancient locations as Jericho in Judea, atal Hyk in Anatolia, and Mehrgarh in Pakistan. These structures have survived from the Stone Age to the present day. Parts of brickwork include bricks, beds and perpends. The bed is the mortar upon which a brick is laid. A perpend is a vertical joint between any two bricks and is usuallybut not alwaysfilled with mortar. The dimensions of these parts are usually co ordinated such that two bricks laid side by side separated only by the width of a perpend have a total width identical to the length of a single brick laid transversely on top of them. An example of a co ordinating metric commonly used for bricks in the UK is as follows 567Bricks of dimensions 2. Mortar beds and perpends of a uniform 1. In this case the co ordinating metric works because the length of a single brick 2. In the same vein, to save time, contract drafters and reviewers can consider incorporating selected Common Draft sections, or even entire contract drafts, by. Download text is available in PDF format, which can be viewed with Acrobat Reader, or other PDF compatible viewers. QvV2p/526x297-o4N.jpg' alt='Common Arrangement Of Work Sections For Building Works Pdf' title='Common Arrangement Of Work Sections For Building Works Pdf' />There are many other brick sizes worldwide, and many of them use this same co ordinating principle. OrientationeditA brick is given a classification based on how it is laid, and how the exposed face is oriented relative to the face of the finished wall. Stretcher or stretching brick. A brick laid flat with its long narrow side exposed. Header or heading brick. A brick laid flat with its width exposed. Soldier. A brick laid vertically with its long narrow side exposed. Sailor. A brick laid vertically with the broad face of the brick exposed. Rowlock. A brick laid on the long narrow side with the short end of the brick exposed. Shiner or rowlock stretcher. A brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad face of the brick exposed. Common Arrangement Of Work Sections For Building Works Pdf' title='Common Arrangement Of Work Sections For Building Works Pdf' />The practice of laying uncut full sized bricks wherever possible gives brickwork its maximum possible strength. In the diagrams below, such uncut full sized bricks are coloured as follows  Stretcher  Header. Occasionally though a brick must be cut to fit a given space, or to be the right shape for fulfilling some particular purpose such as generating an offsetcalled a lapat the beginning of a course. In some cases these special shapes or sizes are manufactured. In the diagrams below, some of the cuts most commonly used for generating a lap are coloured as follows  Three quarter bat, stretching. A brick cut to three quarters of its length, and laid flat with its long, narrow side exposed. Three quarter bat, heading. A brick cut to three quarters of its length, and laid flat with its short side exposed. Half bat. A brick cut in half across its length, and laid flat. Queen closer. A brick cut in half down its width, and laid with its smallest face exposed and standing vertically. A queen closer is often used for the purpose of creating a lap. Less frequently used cuts are all coloured as follows  Quarter bat. A brick cut to a quarter of its length. Three quarter queen closer. A queen closer cut to three quarters of its length. King closer. A brick with one corner cut away, leaving one header face at half its standard width. BondingeditA nearly universal rule in brickwork is that perpends should not be contiguous across courses. Walls, running linearly and extending upwards, can be of varying depth or thickness. Typically, the bricks are laid also running linearly and extending upwards, forming wythes or leafs. It is as important as with the perpends to bond these leaves together. Historically, the dominant method for consolidating the leaves together was to lay bricks across them, rather than running linearly. MAIN_TITLE-2.png' alt='Common Arrangement Of Work Sections For Building Works Pdf Converter' title='Common Arrangement Of Work Sections For Building Works Pdf Converter' />Brickwork observing either or both of these two conventions is described as being laid in one or another bond. Thickness and leaveseditA leaf is as thick as the width of one brick, but a wall is said to be one brick thick if it as wide as the length of a brick. Accordingly, a single leaf wall is a half brick thickness a wall with the simplest possible masonry transverse bond is said to be one brick thick, and so on. The thickness specified for a wall is determined by such factors as damp proofing considerations, whether or not the wall has a cavity, load bearing requirements, expense, and the era during which the architect was or is working. Wall thickness specification has proven considerably various, and while some non load bearing brick walls may be as little as half a brick thick, or even less when shiners are laid stretcher bond in partition walls, others brick walls are much thicker. The Monadnock Building in Chicago, for example, is a very tall masonry building, and has load bearing brick walls nearly two metres thick at the base. The majority of brick walls are however usually between one and three bricks thick. At these more modest wall thicknesses, distinct patterns have emerged allowing for a structurally sound layout of bricks internal to each particular specified thickness of wall. Cavity walls and tieseditThe advent during the mid twentieth century of the cavity wall saw the popularisation and development of another method of strengthening brickworkthe wall tie. A cavity wall comprises two totally discrete walls, separated by an air gap, which serves both as barrier to moisture and heat. Typically the main loads taken by the foundations are carried there by the inner leaf, and the major functions of the external leaf are to protect the whole from weather, and to provide a fitting aesthetic finish. Despite there being no masonry connection between the leaves, their transverse rigidity still needs to be guaranteed. The device used to satisfy this need is the insertion at regular intervals of wall ties into the cavity walls mortar beds. Load bearing bondseditCourses of mixed headers and stretcherseditFlemish bond Monk bond Sussex bond Flemish bondeditThis bond has one stretcher between headers, with the headers centred over the stretchers in the course below. Where a course begins with a quoin stretcher, the course will ordinarily terminate with a quoin stretcher at the other end. The next course up will begin with a quoin header. For the courses second brick, a queen closer is laid, generating the lap of the bond. The third brick along is a stretcher, and ison account of the lapcentred above the header below. This second course then resumes its paired run of stretcher and header, until the final pair is reached, whereupon a second and final queen closer is inserted as the penultimate brick, mirroring the arrangement at the beginning of the course, and duly closing the bond. Some examples of Flemish bond incorporate stretchers of one colour and headers of another. This effect is commonly a product of treating the header face of the heading bricks while the bricks are being baked as part of the manufacturing process.